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Com certeza você passou por algum estabelecimento comercial e viu uma placa dizendo: “fechado para balanço”. As placas falam do Balanço Patrimonial, uma das principais demonstrações contábeis feitas por uma empresa. Embora a grande maioria faça de ano em ano, o espaço de tempo para um balanço depende de cada gestão e do tipo de serviço e é chamado de “exercício social”.
Existem setores – como o da agricultura – em que o balanço é feito num período superior a um ano, variando de acordo com as safras. Mas o normal para esse tipo de demonstração é o prazo anual, já que os procedimentos para um balanço são variados e podem se tornar trabalhosos.
Essa demonstração contábil é obrigatória para todas as empresas e sociedades, exceto para pequenos empresários e sociedades rurais. Diferente das Empresas de Pequeno Porte (EPP), as pequenas empresas são aquelas nas quais a própria família emprega a mão de obra, sem contratação de externos. Portanto, os débitos e créditos não necessariamente de mesmo valor.
Qual a importância do Balanço?
O Balanço pode ser comparado com um “Raio X”. Por meio dele, é possível saber a situação patrimonial da empresa no período que cabe ao exercício social. Através dele, podemos ver os bens, valores a receber e valores a pagar naquela data determinada. Sendo assim, ele se divide em duas partes:
• ativo: bens e direitos, como ativo circulante, disponibilidades, estoques, créditos, despesas de exercício seguinte, investimentos, entre outros.
• passivo: obrigações, como passivo circulante e obrigações de curto prazo, além do patrimônio líquido, que divide-se em capital, reserva e ajustes de avaliação patrimonial.
Dessa forma, o balanço patrimonial deve abranger essas características, sempre apresentado em duas colunas, com o exercício atual e o exercício anterior. Isso possibilita que sejam observados os valores entre os dois anos, fazendo um comparativo entre os dois exercícios sociais, e tomem-se as decisões de acordo com a realidade da empresa.
O Balanço é indispensável para a contabilidade, já que é por meio dele que se pode aferir a qualidade e quantidade do patrimônio da empresa em questão. Ele tem importância para as empresas de todos os segmentos, independente da sua forma de tributação.
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Fontes: Contábeis e Julio Battisti.
Imagens: Google Imagens.